Matter is anything that occupies
space and has mass. every living being is material and every object around us
is matter as well. gases making up the atmosphere, even if the gas is not
visible to the eye, is also an example of the material for these gases occupies
space and has mass. sunlight does not include the material, but is a form of
energy. Humans are also a matter for occupies space and has mass.
The composition of the part or
component of a sample or material connected with each other based on their
relative proposition. For example water composed of two kinds substransi
smallest of hydrogen and oxygen has a particular proposition. chemists say that
the composition of the constituent mass of water is 11.19% 88.81% hydrogen and
oxygen
Matter in
other words is "stuff". The matter can be grouped and
classified as pure substance or mixtures. Pure
substance are types of matter composed of particles that are the same.
Composition of a pure substance is uniform and definite in every sample.
Elements and compounds are classified as pure substances. Elements are pure substances that are composed of identical atoms with the same
atomic number. The elements cannot be decomposed into simpler substances by
physical nor chemical methods. For example, calcium and bromine are examples of
elements. All known natural and synthesized elements can be found on the
periodic table.
Compounds are pure substances composed of two or more different elements that
are chemically combined. Properties and composition of a compound are definite
in all samples of the compound.Properties of a compound are always different
from those of the elements found in the compound.
Composition of Matter Chart
A pure substance consists of
particles of only one kind. It has a uniform composition throughout called
homogeneous. If the matter does not have a uniform composition throughout then
the mixture is said to be heterogeneous.
The composition of matter is diagrammatically represented below.
The composition of matter is diagrammatically represented below.
Sugar
solution is a mixture of sugar and water that has a uniform composition
throughout the solution called homogeneous mixture. A mixture of sand and salt
has different composition in different parts of the mixture called
heterogeneous mixture. To identify the type of matter a simple flow chart
is used based on this we can identify the type of matter.
PARTICLE DEVELOPMENT OF MATERIAL / SUBSTANCE
Particle is a basic unit of objects or materials.
The particles can also be said is a unit of the smallest part of matter.
These particles exist three types are: atoms, molecules, and ions.
So either atoms, molecules and ions into its three the smallest unit of matter that is commonly called particle
Atom
is the smallest unit of matter consisting of a nucleus, which contains protons
(payload +) and neutrons (neutral), and skin that contain negative charges,
namely electrons. Some say that the atom is an element constituent particles.
Both
of these issues in all right. so it can be concluded that:
- atoms are composed of protons, neutrons, electrons, (except pd Hydrogen-1, which has no neutrons)
- atoms have certain characteristics, atomic number of protons and electrons have the same (if unequal called ions)
- atoms that have the same characteristics called elements
Simple analogy:
Every person who often read, we call as nerds, we have a story of 4 friends who have a hobby of reading,
so that we conclude our four friends nerds because they have the same habits. So
our friend = atom,
equally hobbies are reading = has the same number of protons and electrons / the same character,
nerd = elements
The assumption is wrong
joint / bond a few atoms will form elements (FALSE).
The truth
the element is the name for a collection / assemblage of atoms that have the same character.
Combined / bonding of several atoms instead of forming elements but form molecules
MOLECULE
The molecule is a combination of a few atoms of the element, it can be two or more. This means that when speaking molecule is then envisaged a combination of atoms. Molecule is the smallest particle of an element / compound
- If an aggregate of atoms of the same type as it is called Molecular Elements, for example: O2, H2, O3, S8
- If an aggregate of atoms of different elements kind then called Molecule Compounds, for example: H2O, CO2, C2H5
ION
Ion is the electrically charged atoms, called ions electrically charged cations and negatively charged ions are
called anions. Cations and anions can be either a single ion consists of only one type of atom or can also be
polyatomic ions containing two or more different atoms.
Conclusion:
That element of the particles can be atoms / molecules of elements. The elements of the particles in the form of atoms, that means that it can stand alone or simply contains one atom, the writing written with the chemical symbol, such as C (carbon), He (Helium). When the particle form of the molecule it means that these elements formed from a combination of atoms of the same type, he can not stand alone, these elements written by the chemical symbol accompanied by the number of atoms penyusunya. For example: O2, H2. Hence the element oxygen is never written only the letter O alone, but added the number 2 as meaning that the element is formed of two atoms of oxygen.
TYPES OF MATERIAL / SUBSTANCE
Materials / substances are generally divided into two parts, namely the single substance and mixture. Single agent may be an element or a compound. While the mixture can be either a homogeneous mixture or a mixture of heterogeneous.
ELEMENTS
Elements is a group of atoms that have the same number of protons in its nucleus. This number is known as the atomic number of the element. The element is also defined as a single substance that can not be divided again into smaller parts.
I just want to emphasize "the element designations are only for atoms that have the same character (has the same number of protons)". For example, all atoms with 6 protons in their nuclei are atoms of the chemical element carbon, and all atoms with 92 protons in their nuclei are atoms of the element uranium.
You could say the element is the atom itself, for example: if there is H2O, then we can say: it consists of two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen, when hydrogen and oxygen are both elements.
COMPOUND
The compound is a single substance consisting of several elements intertwined. The compound formed from at least 2 different elements. Although formed from different elements, but the compound still called single substance, because the properties of elements that shape can not be found on the compound. In other words
The compound has been transformed into a new substance.
Example:
The reaction between hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O2), obtained a new substance called water, namely:
H + O2 ---> H2O
In these reactions, produced new substances that are different from their constituent elements. Hydrogen is a very light gas and flammable, whereas oxygen is gas contained in the air which is indispensable body for combustion. It seems clear that the properties of water vary with the nature of hydrogen and oxygen.
Characteristic of compound is that it has a mass ratio of constituents remain, water is composed of oxygen and hydrogen with oxygen elemental mass ratio of hydrogen appeal is always 8: 1
Differences compounds and molecules
"Every compound is a molecule but not necessarily every molecule compound". The compound is a combination of at least two different atoms, while the aggregate of at least 2 atom molecule can be the same or different.
MIXTURE
mixture is a substance composed of some other substance and no permanent structure types of elements and compounds. The mixture is a material consisting of two or a single substance. The material which we encounter daily almost everything mix. In fact we often make a mixture of substances, such as when we make coffee or sweet tea.
The mixture can be divided into three types, namely:
Homogeneous mixture = SolutionHeterogeneous mix = suspension, andBlend the situation between suspensions and solutions = Colloidal
SOLUTION
The solution is a mixture of two or more substances consisting of solute and solvent. Condensation particle size is very small, less than 1 nm, so it can not be seen by using a microscope ultra though. and indistinguishable between solute and solvent medium. Substances in the solution can not be separated by filtration.
Examples of the sugar solution, we can not distinguish where the sugar water in a sugar solution. Some examples are saline solution, a solution of acid-base and others.
SUSPENSION
Suspension is the suspension is rough and heterogeneous mixture. The particle size of the suspension of more than 100 nm.
Examples of the suspension is a mixture of flour in water, whether they appear the wheat? The answer is Yes, still. This mixture initially seemed like a solution that is cloudy, but gradually separate the influence of gravity (experiencing precipitation). The suspension can be separated by filtration. Examples of other suspension eg lime with water, ground water, baklava, a mixture of sand and pebbles with others.
COLLOID
colloid is a mixture consisting of dispersed particles and dispersing particles. Colloidal particle size lies between 1 nm - 100 nm. Or in other words the situation colloidal particle size between suspensions and solutions.
Examples of colloid is milk, coconut milk, soapy water, and paint. Colloids looks cloudy but stable (do not separate / sediment). The ingredients in the mixture can not be separated colloids through regular screening, but using an ultra filter.
Some examples of other colloids are milk, froth, gelatin, pearls, colored glass and others
Hi auliaa ..explain specifically what is the difference between isotop,isoton and and isobar ?? and give the examples.
BalasHapusThanks ..
Isotopes are atoms of the same element (same atomic number) but different mass numbers the same number of protons. example: nitrogen with the atomic number 7, had isotope mass numbers 15 and 14.
HapusIsoton are atoms of different elements (having different atomic number), but have the same number of neutrons. The atomic number is different then its properties are also different. Example : Calcium has a mass number of 40 and atomic number 20, has the same neutron much calcium that has a mass number of 39 and atomic number 19.
Isobar is the atoms of different elements (having different atomic number) but has the same number of mass numbers. Because atomic number is different then its properties are also different. Example: magnesium and sodium have the same mass number is 24.
I agree with you aulia..
HapusThese are the elements having same atomic number but different mass number. They have the same atomic number because the number of protons inside their nuclei remains the same. The difference in their mass number is due to the difference in their number of neutrons.
Since they are neutral isotopes are elements having same number of electrons, which make them to possess identical chemical properties. Let us see some examples 1H1, 1H2, 1H3 are all isotopes of hydrogen. They all have their atomic number to be unity but the number of neutrons are 0, 1, 2 and z respectively. 17Cl37, 17Cl35 are isotopes of chlorine. They have 17 protons in the nucleus but have number of neutrons equal to 20 and 18 respectively. Practically every element consists of a mixture of several isotopes. The relative abundance of different isotopes differs from element to element. For example chlorine is composed of two isotopes of masses 34.98U and 36.98U, which are nearly integral multiples of the mass of hydrogen atom. Their relative abundances are 75.4 and 24.6 percent respectively. Mass of natural chlorine atom can be found as
= 35.47.
The isotope can occur either naturally or can be produced artificially in the laboratory.
Isotopes are chemically same and physically different. But the converse is true in isobars. That is isobars are elements, which are chemically different but physically same. So, isobars are atoms of different elements having the same atomic mass but different atomic number. Since their number of electrons is different, their chemical properties are different. The light nuclei have unstable isobars. Heavy nuclei have stable isobars and these occur in pairs. Suppose the number of protons of one isobar matches with that of another they are called as mirror-nuclides of each other.
Examples of isobars are
examples for isobars
Since isobars are different elements they appear in different places in the periodic table.
Isotones are elements having the same number of neutrons. Examples of isotones are Chlorine - 37 and Potassium - 39. Both have 20 neutrons in their nuclei.
Thank you for completing my answer, Rifa
HapusKomentar ini telah dihapus oleh pengarang.
BalasHapusKomentar ini telah dihapus oleh pengarang.
BalasHapusPlease explain the ways the separation of mixtures..
BalasHapus1. Separation of the mixture by filtration (filtration)
HapusThe working principle of filtering is the difference in solubility in water or substances based on differences in particle size. For example, a mixture of salt and sand, once given water and filtered, the salt will dissolve in water and passed through filter paper hole, while the sand will be blocked by the filter paper.
2. Separation of the mixture by crystallization (crystallization)
Efflorescence principle is based on that the supersaturation, one of the substances mixed to form crystals. For example, salt-making is done by evaporation of sea water. The longer the sea will be concentrated and after supersaturated, salt crystals will form.
3. Separation of the mixture by sublimation (sublimation)
The working principle is based on the nature of the substance sublimation mixed. Substances that one can sublimate (turn from solid to gaseous form), whereas other substances that can not sublimate. For example, in the purification process Iodine dirty.
4. Separation of the mixture by chromatography
The working principle of chromatography based on the difference in speed between the vines or absorption of particles of matter are mixed in a particular medium with a particular solvent solution.
5. Separation of the mixture by distillation (distillation)
The working principle of distillation (distillation) is based on a boiling point difference of two or more substances were mixed. Particles of matter which one boil, evaporate, while other substances not / do not evaporate.
6. Separation of the mixture by extraction
Extraction is a method of separation by conducting materials in a suitable solvent mixture. This separation method is the basic ingredient solubility in certain solvents. In practical activities of making natural indicators, the extraction can be used to extract the dye flowers. Solvents commonly alcohol.
hai aulia >> whether the heterogeneous solution , when added to a solvent or a solute into a homogeneous? Explain ?
BalasHapushello nina...
Hapusin my opinion, a heterogeneous solution can not be converted into a homogeneous solution, because the constituent particles of heterogeneous and homogeneous solution is different.
Heterogeneous mixture is a mixture consisting of two or more substances that have a different phase. An example is the sand was added to the water, this mixture is a heterogeneous mixture because it consists of materials that have different phases, sand and water in the solid phase in the liquid phase.
Homogenous mixture is a mixture consisting of two or more substances in the same phase. For example a small amount of salt (NaCl) is put into the water, the salt will slowly disappear. The salt has been put water-soluble, water and salt also form a new substance that has different properties to the pure substance. Pure water at the time lacked flavor. but after adding the salt, the water will have a salty taste so did the salt. When the pure salt is always solid form but after being put in salt water turns liquid.
hai aulia , i want to ask you about your post , what causes a homogeneous solution is mixed whether homogeneous solvent only water alone? Explain
BalasHapusHello Ferdi...
HapusSubstances can be defined as homogeneous if it contains only one type of compound or a single element.
The solution is a homogenous mixture of molecules, atoms or ions of two or more substances. Known for its structure or composition mixture may change. Called homogeneous because its structure is so uniform that it can not be observed in the different parts, even though the optical microscope.
so if the mixture is homogeneous, it is called a solution.
The solution consists of a solvent and solute. Solvents in general is a substance that is in the solution in large quantities, while other substances are considered as a solute.
Generally, the solvent used is water, but other than water are another solvent, for example:
Inorganic non-aqueous solvent is a solvent other than water which is not an organic compound. Typical examples are liquid ammonia, liquid sulfur dioxide, chloride and sulfuryl fluoride, phosphoryl chloride, dinitrogen tetroxide, antimontriklorida, pentafluorida bromine-ins, hydrogen fluoride, pure sulfuric acid and other inorganic acids. While not as perfect as the water solvent in terms of the nature and characteristics, but these solvents are often used in chemical research and industry for the reactions can not occur in an aqueous solution or which require a special environment.
There are smaller parts of matter like elections, neutrons, etc..
BalasHapusbut why is it that an atom is considered a basic building block of matter?
Because an atom has characteristics that make it different from other atoms. For example, a carbon atom is uniquely different than, say an oxygen atom.
HapusBut elections, neutrons, and protons don't define the properties of the substance. The atoms do, though.
You might argue that molecules (arrangements of atoms) are basic building blocks, but you'd be wrong because that eliminates substances made of atoms (not having molecular structures), such as aluminum, iron, hydrogen, sulfur, etc.
So atoms are the basic building blocks of matter.
Ka au, please describe about characteristics of atoms?
BalasHapusthx for your question deyul
Hapussome characteristics of an atom is as follows:
-Each atomic nucleus has a tensile force fields with electrons and is known as a charge,
-Inti positive charge and the electrons, negatively charged electrons contrary to the essence,
-Both the charge can attract each other or repel, and can also be electrically neutral if the number of positive and negative charge balanced.
I'm a little bit confuse about this statement "Every compound is a molecule but not necessarily every molecule compound" Would you like to give me another explanation?
BalasHapusMolecule formed when two or more atoms joined together chemically. While the compounds are molecules that contain at least two different elements.
HapusI'm sorry because there is a typing error in my article. what I mean is
"All compounds are molecules but not all molecules are compounds."
Molecular hydrogen (H2), molecular oxygen (O2) and molecular nitrogen (N2) instead of the compound because each consisting of a single element. Water (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) is selected for each compound is made of more than one element. The smallest part of each of these substances will be referred to as the molecule.
For example, a single hydrogen molecule made of two hydrogen atoms as a single molecule of water is made of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom.
we know that too much theories about atoms, which theory that you think the most true? And please give me explain
BalasHapusAccording to the literature I have ever read, throughout history there are five theories about the atom.
Hapus1. John Dalton's atomic theory
Dalton said that "Atom is the smallest part of the material that has not be subdivided. Atom is described as a very small solid ball"
the weakness of this theory is the theory dalton not explain the relationship between the solution and the compound electric current conductivity.
2. J.J Thomson atomic theory
J.J Thomson said that "Atom is a solid ball which is positively charged and negatively charged electrons scattered didalamya"
Thomson atomic model's shortcomings are not able to explain the arrangement of positive and negative charges in the atomic sphere.
3. Rutherford's atomic theory
Rutherford model states that "Atoms consist of a nucleus is very small and positively charged, surrounded by negatively charged electrons. Rutherford surmised that in the nuclei of atoms are neutral particles that function bind positive particles that do not repel each other."
the weakness of this theory is unable to explain why the electrons do not fall into the nucleus.
4. Bohr's atomic theory
According to the Bohr atomic model "of electrons around the nucleus at a certain trajectories called electron shells or energy levels. The rate is the lowest energy electron shells located at the inside, getting out the greater number of his skin and the higher level of energy."
The disadvantage is a model of the atom could not explain the color spectrum of many electron atoms.
5. Modern Atomic Theory
Atomic model of quantum mechanics was developed by Erwin Schrodinger (1926). Earlier, an expert of the Jerman Werner Heisenberg developed the theory of quantum mechanics known as the uncertainty principle, which is "not possible to determine the position and momentum of an object carefully at the same time, which can be determined is the probability of finding the electron at a certain distance from the nucleus".
The area around the core space with the probability to get a so-called electron orbitals. The shape and the orbital energy level defined by Erwin Schrodinger. He solves an equation to get the wave function to describe the limits of the possible discovery of electrons in three dimensions.
Orbital model of the atom with an electron trajectory is called modern atomic model or models of quantum mechanics atomic force today.
so in my opinion, the theory about atoms are closer to the truth is modern atomic theory.
Aulia your blog is great!! Here i would ask about the heterogeneous mixture.
BalasHapusBelow which includes a heterogeneous mixture, and provide a reason?
1. The sugar solution
2. Brine
3. Air
4. Mix the sugar and salt!
Thank you for your participation in my blog, Sakinah! I will answer your question
HapusHomogeneous mixture is a mixture of two or more substances whose constituent particles are indistinguishable. Homogeneous mixture is often referred to with the solution. While the heterogeneous mixture is a mixture of two or more substances which mass constituent particles can still be distinguished from each other. In a heterogeneous mixture, pembantas wall between the substance can still be seen, for example, a mixture of water and oil.
1. The sugar solution includes a homogeneous mixture for between solute and solvent indistinguishable
2. The same as sugar solution, brine including a homogeneous mixture
3. Water is one type of solvents commonly used
4. The mixture of salt and sugar including heterogeneous mixture of solids with solids, because the constituent particles are still distinguishable
Silver, ground water, sand, and air are
BalasHapusexample from? Give it away
Silver classified as elements, ground water classified as compound, sand classified as a mixture, and air classified material
HapusHow do we get for the masses if a known sample and some isotope readings?
BalasHapusCalculate the atomic mass of Individual Atoms:
Hapus1. Look for the number of atoms of these elements or isotopes.
The atomic number is the number of protons in an element and does not have a diverse
amount. You can find any number of atomic elements in the periodic table, in almost all of the
standard periodic table. The atomic number is the number that is above the chemical symbol
that says one or two letters. This figure is always a positive whole numbers.
2. Look for the number of neutrons in the nucleus.
The number of neutrons can vary for atoms of a particular element. Although the two atoms
with the same number of protons and different numbers of neutrons are the same elements,
both of which are different isotopes of the element.
3. Add up the calculation of protons and neutrons.
It is the atomic mass of the atom.
Calculating the relative atomic mass (weight Atom) Element:
1. Determine the isotope contained in the sample.
2. Determine the relative abundance of each isotope
in the sample.
In the given elements, different isotopes appear with different proportions. This proportion is
almost always denoted in percentage.
3. Multiply the atomic mass of each isotope proportions
in the sample.
Multiply the atomic mass of each isotope abundance percentage (written in decimal).
4. Add up the results.
Add up the results of multiplication that you have done in the previous step. The results of this
sum is the relative atomic mass of the element you - the average value of the atomic masses
of isotopes of the element you.
Please explain the kind of ion and example. Thank you
BalasHapusPlease explain the kind of ion and example. Thank you
BalasHapusIn general, there are two types of ion, namely:
Hapus1. The charge Positive Ions (cations)
Cation formed by the electrons in the atom moves to another atom. Examples of positive charge (cations) is releasing one electron Na atoms into ions Na +.
Reaction: Na -> Na + + e-.
2. The charge Negative Ions (anions)
The anion formed by the atoms receive electrons from other atoms. Examples of negative charge (anion) is a CI atom captures one electron into CI- ions. His reaction: CI + e -> CI-.
Then, if the compound of cations and anions are combined then it would be a compound called ionic compounds. Ionic compounds having a higher melting point. This is because the chemical bonding that occurs between the positive ions and negative ions are very strong so it is necessary to decide a larger energy.
Hi rahmi , What causes a material produces a heterogeneous mixture, for example water and sand that can not be mixed like water and sugar?
BalasHapushello heri
HapusThe heterogeneous mixture is a mixture consisting of two or more substances having different phases. For example, if sand is introduced into water, this mixture is a heterogeneous mixture because it consists of materials having different phases, sand in the solid phase and water in the liquid phase.
hi auliaa,,,
BalasHapus. In fact we often make a mixture of substances, such as when we make coffee or sweet tea.
please can u expain The mixture can be divided types,/??
thankks
Hello maya..
HapusSome types of mixture are as follows:
1. Solution
The solution is a homogeneous mixture, each solution comprising a solvent and a solute. Usually a large number of components are considered as solvents. However, if the solid or gaseous substance is dissolved in a liquid then the solvent is a liquid.
In solution, the solute is dispersed in the form of very small particles of less than 1 nm in diameter. Solution particles can not be seen again even using ultra microscope. Hence the solution looks homogeneous and is a phase. The solution can not be filtered.
Examples of solutions:
Gas solutions such as air, natural gas
Liquid solutions such as brine, spirits, sparkling water, sodium metal alloys with metallic potassium
Solid solutions such as mixtures between gold and silver, metal patching of teeth with mercury and silver mixture, soluble platinum-hydrogen gas
2. Suspension
The suspension is a coarse mixture, the particle size is greater than 100 nm. It generally looks turbid and is a multi-phase system. Some examples of such are the mixture of flour with water, clay with water, and cloudy river water. Suspension of solids in liquids can be separated by filtration or filtration process.
3. Colloid
The colloidal mixture lies between the solution and the suspension, since the particle size ranges from 1-100 nm. Colloids appear homogeneous, but are generally not clear. When viewed with ultra-heterogeneous microscopy. Colloid can not be filtered with a normal filter. Some examples of colloids are like coconut milk, milk, jelly, and so forth.