USING ENGLISH TO REPORT (resume 6)

"BIODIESEL FROM WVO"

 

Background 
Indonesia is known to the world has abundant natural resources, especially petroleum and natural gas. This is what makes Indonesia take advantage of its natural resources in large numbers for the welfare of its people. Today we often hear about the term energy crisis, that is due to the growing fuel consumption. As we have seen that petroleum and natural gas are one of the unrenewable resources, so the longer the petroleum and gas supplies will be depleted.

From the above problems make sure you have to think about how to replace the SDA with resources that are cheaper and more efficient. The answer to that problem is bioenergy. Bioenergy itself is an alternative resource that can be used over and over again, to replace the fossil resources that are used in Indonesia today. Biodiesel can be made from vegetable oil or animal oil. Utilization of materials from vegetable oil one of them is waste cooking oil or cooking oil is an alternative material that can be used as fuel.

Another advantage of used cooking oil is to waste cooking oil. If not handled and not prevented it will happen piles of waste cooking oil used. Because the cooking oil is carcinogenic, which is not good for health, such as diarrhea, fatty deposits in blood vessels, cancer and lowering the digestibility of fat so that used cooking oil better used and recycled As raw material of making biodiesel.

Literature review
Processes Used in Making Biodiesel from WVO 

The reaction used in the production of biodiesel from cooking oil is a trans-esterification reaction. The transesterification reaction converts the triglycerides (96-98% oil) and the alcohol to the ester, with residual glycerin as a by-product. The result is long and branched triglyceride molecules converted into smaller esters having similar size and properties to diesel oil. 
Alcohols used are short chain alcohols, such as methanol, ethanol and butanol. Methanol and ethanol can be easily produced from vegetable materials. Ethanol produces less ethyl ester and leaves a large amount of carbon residue. Methanol in addition to the cheaper price, is also the most common type of alcohol used. The catalyst is used to speed up the course of the reaction (Encinar, 1999).Methanol and ethanol are the most widely used types of alcohols in the industry, since these two types of alcohols provide relatively faster reactions. The reaction with an alcohol having a lower boiling point is carried out at a temperature of 60-65ºC, while for reactions with high boiling alcohols is carried out at a temperature of 200-250ºC. The reactor used is cultivated in a dry state and the free fatty acid content present in the oil or fat should be small. The catalyst concentration will be reduced because water and free fatty acids will react with the alkaline catalyst and form the soap.

Trial Procedure

Tools and materials

•     1 liter of used cooking oil
•     3.5 grams of NaOH
•     200 ml of methanol (white / colorless spirits)
•     Aquades
•     Mixer
•     Stove
•     Thermometer
•     Stainless steels (do not use aluminum pans for fear of another reaction)

Work steps

1. Measure 200 mL of methanol
2. Combine 3.5 grams of NaOH into the methanol solution, stirring until NaOH dissolves (about 30 minutes).
3. Take 1 liter of filtered cooking oil, then pour it into a stainless steels pan.
4. Heat the used oil over an electric heater or stove while stirring until the oil temperature reaches 60 ° C.
5. After the oil temperature reaches 60 ° C lift the oil from the stove while continuously stirring, pour the solution of NaOH and methanol that have been made before. Mixing is done by pouring a little solution while still stirring constantly.
6. After all the solutions have been poured out, the mixture must be stirred slightly. After about 20-30 minutes on the mixture will change color to orange. This color change indicates a reaction has occurred. Continue stirring until the orange color becomes sharper and somewhat murky. If the color has not changed again, then indicates the reaction has been completed.
7. Allow the mixture for 24 hours to form 2 layers: the orange top layer is biodiesel, while in the bottomh the solid white yellow is a mixture of glycerol, water and residual NaOH.
8. Separate the two mixtures by pouring them slowly over the top (biodiesel) to another place. 

Results and Discussion 
Results 
From the lab results obtained 500 mL of biodiesel and 500 mL of sediment. Then the result of the biodiesel is washed by using aquades. The comparison is 1: 5 (aquades: biodiesel). The end result of this purification is 400 mL of biodiesel and 200 mL of thick white sediment. 
Discussion 
Biodiesel, one of the most environmentally friendly alternative fuels, has no health effects that can be used as motor vehicle fuel to reduce emissions when compared to diesel oil. A process of lipid transesterification is used to convert the base oil to the desired ester and remove free fatty acids. After passing through this process, unlike direct vegetable oil, biodiesel has a combustion properties similar to diesel (diesel) from petroleum, and can replace it in many cases. However, biodiesel is more commonly used as an enhancer for petroleum diesel, boosting low-saturated ultra-low sulfur diesel fuel petrol. The transesterification reaction is a reaction between triglycerides and alcohols to form fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) and glycerol as byproducts. 
In its use, cooking oil undergoes chemical changes due to oxidation and hydrolysis, which can cause damage to the cooking oil. Through the process some triglycerides will break down into other compounds, one of which is Free Fatty Acid (FFA) or fatty acids. The content of free fatty acids is then that will be esterified with methanol to produce biodiesel. While the trigliseridanya content is transesterified with methanol, which also produces biodiesel and glycerol. 
The catalyst (in this case is NaOH) serves to decrease the activation energy so that the reaction rate becomes higher in certain conditions. The more the catalyst the activation energy of a reaction will be smaller, the result will be more quickly formed. 
Biodiesel reduces contamination of unburned hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, sulfur and acid rain. Reduce the environmental burden because waste / biodiesel waste does not increase the amount of carbon dioxide gas, because the oil comes from plants / vegetable. The energy produced by diesel engines is more perfect than diesel so that machines using biodiesel do not emit black smoke in the form of carbon or CO2, while diesel engines emit black smoke. In addition, biodiesel emits a distinctive aroma such as used oil frying food.

Closing
Conclusion

• Biodiesel is one alternative to environmentally friendly fuels that are made from cooking oil (frying waste).
• Making biodiesel from cooking oil is very simple either in the form of tools, materials and processing.
• Utilization of cooking oil as a diesel motor fuel is a means of waste disposal (jelantah oil) that produces economic value and create alternative fuel substitute diesel fuel that is ethical, economical, and ecologically at the same time.

Bibliography
Djaeni, et al. 2002. Waste Processing of Used Cooking Oil into Glycerol and Diesel Oil through  
           Transmission Process of Esterification. Semarang: Diponegoro University. 
Tahar, A. 2003. Technical Evaluation of Biodiesel Production from WVO. Bandung: Institute of 
           Technology.